| Preface |
|
| Chapter 1
Back to Government Books
|
| Challenges to American
Democracy: Thinking About What Lies Ahead |
1 |
|
The Great Experiment
|
2 |
|
Challenges to American Democracy
|
4 |
|
Military Challenges |
4 |
|
Economic Challenges |
8 |
|
Equality |
10 |
|
Confidence in Government |
12 |
|
Illegal Drugs |
14 |
|
The Abortion Question |
16 |
| Understanding Government |
17 |
|
The Nature of Government
|
17 |
|
Definition |
17 |
|
Origin of the State and Government |
17 |
|
Purposes of Government |
19 |
| The American Government |
20 |
|
Representative Democracy
|
20 |
|
Constitutionalism
|
21 |
|
Separation of Powers, Federalism, Checks
and Balance System
|
22 |
|
America's Future
|
22 |
|
| Chapter 2
Back to Government Books
|
Part One: Building a
Nation
|
The American Experience: New Ideas for a New Nation
|
27 |
|
Why Revolution?
|
28 |
|
The Justification
|
28 |
|
Was it a Revolution?
|
29 |
|
We Won. What Now?
|
30 |
|
The Articles of Confederation
|
30 |
|
Structure of the Articles
|
31 |
|
Problems with the Articles of Confederation
|
31 |
|
A Call for a Change
|
32 |
|
The Philadelphia Convention
|
33 |
|
Setting |
34 |
|
Preconvention Issues |
34 |
|
The Convention at Work |
36 |
|
Other Compromises |
38 |
|
Ratification
|
39 |
|
A Different Interpretation
|
41 |
|
And Now Let the Music Play
|
42 |
|
Constitutionalism
|
42 |
|
Separation of Powers
|
42 |
|
Checks and Balance System
|
43 |
|
Judicial Review
|
45 |
|
Surviving the Test of Time
|
45 |
|
Interpretation
|
45 |
|
Custom and Usage
|
46 |
|
Amendments
|
47 |
|
Looking Back ---Looking Ahead
|
48 |
|
| Chapter 3
Back to Government Books
|
| Our Federal System:
The Theory of Shared Governance |
51 |
| Defining Federalism |
52 |
|
Federalism Shortcomings
|
54 |
|
Why Federalism?
|
57 |
| American Federalism: The Nuts
& Bolts |
58 |
|
Powers of the National Government
|
58 |
|
Powers of State Government
|
59 |
|
Limitations and Obligations of the National
Government
|
60 |
|
Limitations and Obligations of the State
to the Union
|
61 |
|
Horizontal Federalism: State to State Obligations
|
62 |
| Conclusion |
64 |
|
| Chapter 4
Back to Government Books
|
| American Federalism:
Putting the Ideas in Practice |
65 |
|
Competitive Federalism
|
65 |
|
The Rise of the Nationalists: McCulloch
v. Maryland
|
66 |
|
State-Dominated Federalism
|
67 |
|
Re-emergence of the Nationalists
|
69 |
| Cooperative Federalism |
69 |
|
Twenty-first Century Problems
|
69 |
|
National Fiscal Advantage
|
72 |
|
Marble-Cake Federalism
|
73 |
|
Fiscal Federalism
|
73 |
|
Categorical Grants
|
74 |
|
Block Grants
|
75 |
|
Revenue Sharing
|
75 |
|
Pros and Cons of Fiscal Federalism
|
76 |
|
Assessing Federalism
|
80 |
|
Is Federalism Worth the Effort?
|
80 |
|
Assessing Federalism's Advantages
|
80 |
|
Recent Developments
|
81 |
|
The Future of American Federalism
|
83 |
|
| Chapter 5
Back to Government Books
|
Part Two: The Politics
of Participations
|
Political Parties: Donkeys. Elephants
and "Long Shots"
|
87 |
| Definition |
87 |
|
Differences Between Parties and Interest Groups
|
88 |
|
Types of Political Parties
|
90 |
|
Functions of Democratic Parties
|
91 |
|
Political Party Systems
|
94 |
|
Why a Two-Party System in the United States?
|
97 |
|
Impact of the Two-Party System
|
98 |
|
Minor Parties
|
99 |
|
Functions of minor parties
|
99 |
|
State Parties
|
101 |
|
National Party Organization
|
102 |
|
The National Convention
|
102 |
|
Functions |
102 |
|
Selection of Delegates |
103 |
|
The National Committee
|
104 |
|
State Party Organization
|
105 |
|
Political Party Tactics
|
106 |
|
Electioneering
|
106 |
|
Evaluation of United States Parties and Party System
|
107 |
|
| Chapter 6
Back to Government Books
|
| Interest
Groups: The Politics of Numbers |
109 |
|
Definition of Interest Groups
|
110 |
| The Formation of
Interest Groups |
110 |
| Categories of Interest
Groups |
111 |
|
Economic Interest Groups
|
111 |
|
Business Groups
|
112 |
|
Labor Groups
|
113 |
|
Agricultural Groups
|
115 |
|
Professional Groups
|
116 |
|
Non-Economic Groups
|
117 |
|
New Agency and New Clientele
|
122 |
|
American
Federation of Government Employees
|
122 |
|
National
Emergency Management Association
|
122 |
|
The
American Chemistry Council
|
123 |
|
Unisys
|
123 |
|
American
Association of Port Authorities
|
123 |
|
Interest Group Tactics
|
124 |
|
Propaganda
|
124 |
|
Lobbying
|
125 |
|
Electioneering
|
131 |
|
Litigation
|
135 |
|
Violence
|
136 |
|
Future of Interest Groups
|
137 |
|
| Chapter 7
Back to Government Books
|
| Public Opinion:
Americans Speak |
139 |
|
Political Socialization
|
139 |
|
Types of Political Socialization
|
141 |
|
Sources of Political Socialization
|
141 |
|
The Family |
141 |
|
The School |
142 |
|
Peers |
142 |
|
The Church |
144 |
|
Mass Media |
144 |
| Public Opinion |
145 |
|
Definition
|
145 |
|
Influencing Factors
|
146 |
|
Opinion Leaders |
146 |
|
Socioeconomic Backgrounds |
147 |
|
Peers |
147 |
|
Churches |
147 |
| The
Mass Media |
148 |
|
Significance of Public Opinion
|
148 |
|
The Traditional View |
148 |
|
Elitist View |
151 |
|
Measuring Public Opinion
|
152 |
|
Public Opinion Polls |
152 |
|
Elections |
154 |
|
Presidential Election Polling: 1996 and
2000
|
156 |
|
Initiatives and Referendums |
156 |
|
Interest Groups and "grassroots" Contact |
157 |
|
Mass Media |
157 |
|
Intensity and Stability of Public Opinion
|
158 |
|
The Future
|
160 |
|
| Chapter 8
Back to Government Books
|
| Voter Behavior:
The Politics of Choice |
163 |
|
Qualifications for Voting
|
163 |
|
Citizenship
|
163 |
|
Registration
|
164 |
|
Residency
|
164 |
|
Age
|
164 |
|
Who Cannot Vote
|
165 |
|
Nonvoting
|
165 |
|
Legal Reasons
|
166 |
|
Noncompulsory Voting Laws |
166 |
|
Registration |
166 |
|
Number of Elections |
167 |
|
Absentee Ballots |
167 |
|
Reasons Based on Party Organization and Competition
|
167 |
|
Determinants of Voter Choice
|
168 |
|
Candidates
|
169 |
|
Party Affiliation
|
170 |
|
Ideology
|
170 |
|
Issues
|
170 |
|
Voting Patterns
|
172 |
|
Sex
|
173 |
|
Race,
Nationality, and Religion |
174 |
|
Social and Economic Class and Occupation
|
175 |
|
Age
|
175 |
|
Place of Residence
|
175 |
|
Does Your Vote Really Matter?
|
177 |
|
| Chapter 9
Back to Government Books
|
| Campaigns and
Elections: Winning Ain't Everything But It Beats What's in Second
Place |
181 |
| How Elections are Conducted
|
182 |
| How America
Votes |
183 |
|
Voting Technology |
183 |
|
Ballot Design |
184 |
| Types of Elections
|
184 |
|
Types of Primaries |
185 |
|
Initiatives, Referendums, and Recalls |
186 |
| Types of
Ballots |
187 |
| Arrangement of
Names |
188 |
|
Incumbent Advantage |
188 |
| Who is Elected? |
189 |
| President and
Vice President |
189 |
|
Nomination |
189 |
| The Electoral
College |
191 |
| Congress |
194 |
|
When Elections Are Held |
195 |
|
Geographic Regions |
195 |
| State and Local
Offices |
196 |
| Elements of a Successful Campaign
|
197 |
| The Candidate
|
197 |
| Organization
|
200 |
| Money |
200 |
| Where the Money
Comes From |
202 |
| Federal Campaign
Funding Rules (and Loopholes) |
204 |
| The Triumph
(?) of Reform |
205 |
| Where the Money
Goes |
206 |
| Volunteers |
207 |
| Conclusion |
207 |
|
| Chapter 10
Back to Government Books
|
Part Three: Representing
the People
| Congress: The People's
Branch |
213 |
|
The Institutional Context of the Congress
|
214 |
|
Representation
|
214 |
|
Voting on
Legislation
|
216 |
|
Personal
Knowledge
|
216 |
|
District
Majority
|
216 |
|
Advice
from Associates
|
217 |
|
Party
Loyalty
|
218 |
| Structure |
218 |
| Tenure of Office |
218 |
|
Functions and Responsibilities
|
219 |
|
Lawmaking
|
219 |
|
Oversight
|
219 |
|
Public Education
|
220 |
|
Conflict Resolution
|
220 |
|
Constituent Service
|
221 |
|
The Political Organization of the Congress
|
221 |
|
The Congressional Committee System
|
226 |
|
Passing a Law
|
229 |
|
Introducing a Bill
|
229 |
|
In Committee
|
230 |
|
The Committee Chairperson
|
231 |
|
House Passage
|
232 |
|
Senate Passage
|
234 |
|
Conference Committee
|
235 |
|
Executive Consideration
|
236 |
|
The Override
|
236 |
|
Conclusion
|
237 |
|
| Chapter 11
Back to Government Books
|
| The American Presidency:
Uneasy Lies the Head that Wears the Crown |
239 |
|
Qualifications for the Office of President
|
240 |
|
Formal Qualifications
|
240 |
|
Informal Qualifications
|
241 |
|
Election of President and Length of Time
|
246 |
|
Election
|
246 |
|
Term of Office
|
246 |
|
What Makes a "Good" President?
|
248 |
|
Presidential Succession
|
250 |
|
Presidential Disability
|
251 |
|
The Vice President
|
253 |
|
Qualifications and Nomination Process
|
253 |
|
Duties of the Vice President
|
254 |
|
Duties of the President
|
256 |
|
Foreign Affairs Powers
|
256 |
|
Commander in Chief |
257 |
|
Treaty Making Power |
259 |
|
Executive Agreements |
259 |
|
Extend Diplomatic Recognition |
260 |
|
Growth of Presidential Power in Foreign Affairs |
261 |
|
Legislative Powers of the President
|
261 |
|
Chief Legislator |
262 |
|
Party Leader |
264 |
|
President's Legislative Skills |
265 |
|
The Executive Powers
|
265 |
|
The Appointment and Removal Power |
265 |
|
Financial Power |
267 |
|
Enforce Laws of the United States
|
267 |
|
Judicial Function
|
267 |
|
Conclusion
|
268 |
|
| Chapter 12
Back to Government Books
|
| The Executive Bureaucracy:
Making Government Work |
271 |
|
How the Federal Executive Bureaucracy is Organized
|
272 |
| The Executive
Office of the President |
272 |
|
The Cabinet
|
277 |
| Independent Agencies
|
281 |
| Independent Regulatory
Commissions |
283 |
| Government Corporations |
283 |
|
The Civil Service System
|
283 |
|
Reforms
|
285 |
|
Employment with the Federal Government
|
287 |
|
Classifications and Compensation
|
288 |
|
Job Listings
|
288 |
|
Examinations
|
289 |
|
The Role of the Bureaucracy
|
289 |
|
The Implementation Function
|
290 |
Faulty
Program Design
|
290 |
Lack
of Clear Directions
|
290 |
Inadequate
Resources
|
291 |
Bureaucratic
Red Tape
|
291 |
Bureaucrats
Who Have Minds of Their Own
|
292 |
Decentralization
|
292 |
Capture
|
292 |
| The Regulatory
Function |
293 |
|
Conclusion
|
294 |
|
| Chapter 13
Back to Government Books
|
| The Relations of
Nations: The Shrinking Globe |
297 |
|
Foreign Policy
|
297 |
|
Objectives of Foreign Policy
|
298 |
|
Preserving the Country's Sovereignty
|
298 |
|
Preserving the System of Government
|
299 |
|
Preserving the Ideology
|
299 |
|
Maintaining Physical Security
|
300 |
|
Maintaining Economic Security
|
301 |
|
Tools of Foreign Policy
|
301 |
|
Diplomacy
|
302 |
|
Economics
|
302 |
|
Propaganda
|
302 |
|
Military
|
303 |
|
International Terrorism
|
304 |
|
Patterns of Foreign Policy
|
312 |
|
Isolationism
|
312 |
|
Neutrality
|
312 |
|
Diplomatic and Judicial Accommodation
|
313 |
|
Social, Economic, and Cultural Cooperation
|
313 |
|
Balance of Power
|
314 |
|
Collective Security
|
314 |
|
Conflict
|
314 |
|
The Future
|
315 |
|
| Chapter 14
Back to Government Books
|
| Foreign Policy:
American Style |
319 |
|
The Constitutional Grants of Power |
319 |
The Inputs
|
321 |
The
State Department
|
322 |
Defense
Department (DOD)
|
322 |
The
Socioeconomic Elite
|
325 |
The
Intelligence Community
|
326 |
Public
Opinion
|
330 |
Interest
Groups
|
332 |
The
Mass Media
|
333 |
Multinational
Corporations and Banks
|
334 |
Congress
|
335 |
Other
Countries
|
335 |
|
An Overview of American Foreign Policy Since 1789
|
337 |
|
Isolationism
|
337 |
|
Neutrality
|
337 |
|
Interventionism and Collective Security
|
338 |
|
Summary of Some Major American Foreign Policy
Directions Today
|
340 |
|
Conclusion
|
341 |
|
| Chapter 15
Back to Government Books
|
| The Judicial Branch:
The Grand Ole Empire |
345 |
|
Understanding Law
|
346 |
|
The Origins of American Law
|
347 |
|
Other Sources of American Law
|
347 |
|
American Courts
|
349 |
|
An Adversary System
|
349 |
|
Jurisdiction and Standing
|
349 |
|
Duality of American Courts
|
351 |
|
State Judicial Systems
|
352 |
|
Trial Courts
|
352 |
|
Special Jurisdiction Courts
|
353 |
|
Intermediate Appellate Courts
|
353 |
|
State Supreme Courts
|
353 |
|
Arbitration: An Alternative to the Courts
|
355 |
|
Selection of State Judges
|
355 |
|
Tenure of State Judges |
356 |
|
The Federal Judicial Structure
|
357 |
|
U.S. District Courts
|
357 |
|
U.S. Courts of Appeal
|
357 |
|
The U.S. Supreme Court
|
358 |
|
The Court's Work Schedule
|
359 |
|
Cases: Making it to the Supreme Courts
|
359 |
|
Oral Arguments
|
360 |
|
Conference Friday
|
361 |
|
Opinion Writing
|
361 |
|
Special Courts
|
362 |
|
Selection of Federal Judges
|
364 |
|
Nomination of Federal Judges
|
364 |
|
The Supreme Court: The Nomination Process
|
365 |
Politics
and Selection
|
365 |
Background
Factors
|
365 |
Confirmation
|
367 |
|
The Power of the Court
|
367 |
|
Judicial Review
|
369 |
|
Activism versus Self-Restraint
|
370 |
|
Limitations on the Court
|
373 |
|
The Court: An Assessment
|
375 |
|
| Chapter 16
Back to Government Books
|
Part Four: Living Up
to the Dream
| Citizens and the
Law: The Rights of the Accused |
379 |
|
The Incident
|
379 |
|
The Stop
|
381 |
|
The Initial Search
|
383 |
|
The Arrest
|
385 |
|
Reading Your Rights
|
386 |
|
Impoundment
|
387 |
|
Booking
|
388 |
|
Interrogation
|
389 |
|
The Lineup
|
390 |
|
Bond Hearing
|
391 |
|
Search and Seizure: Special Rules
|
394 |
|
Arraignment
|
395 |
|
Preliminary Hearing
|
395 |
|
Speedy Trial
|
397 |
| Trial Rights and
Procedures |
397 |
Presumptions
of Innocence
|
397 |
Right
to Counsel
|
397 |
Right
Not to Testify
|
398 |
Right
of Confrontation
|
398 |
Right
to Subpoena Witnesses
|
398 |
The
Trial
|
399 |
|
Post-Trial Counsel
|
403 |
|
Final Thoughts
|
404 |
|
A Postscript
|
404 |
|
| Chapter 17
Back to Government Books
|
| Civil Liberties:
Freedom in America |
409 |
|
Freedom of Religion
|
409 |
|
Freedom of Speech and the Press
|
415 |
|
The Preferred Position Doctrine
|
416 |
|
Direct Incitement Test
|
417 |
|
Prior Restraint
|
417 |
|
Least Drastic Means
|
417 |
|
Content Neutral
|
417 |
|
Centrality of Political Speech
|
418 |
|
Additional Rights
|
425 |
|
Limitations on Rights
|
432 |
|
Conclusion
|
432 |
|
| Chapter 18
Back to Government Books
|
| Equality: Promises
and Reality |
437 |
|
The Struggle for Political Equality
|
438 |
|
The Experience
|
438 |
The
Freedom Amendments
|
439 |
|
The Rise of "Jim Crow"
|
440 |
|
An African-American Child Awakens America
|
441 |
|
The Quest for Compliance
|
442 |
|
Education
|
442 |
|
The Ballot
|
444 |
|
Public Accommodation and Facilities
|
445 |
|
Housing
|
446 |
|
Job Discrimination
|
448 |
|
Compliance Fades-The Emerging of an Increasing Elistist
Class
|
449 |
|
Other Minorities in America
|
450 |
|
Native-Americans
|
450 |
|
Asian-Americans
|
452 |
|
Arab/Muslim Americans
|
454 |
|
Puerto Ricans
|
455 |
|
Mexican-Americans
|
455 |
|
Emerging Disadvantaged Groups
|
457 |
|
Women
|
458 |
|
Emerging Feminism
|
458 |
|
Protectionism & the Courts
|
459 |
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
462 |
|
Present Discrimination
|
462 |
|
Politics & Contemporary Women
|
463 |
|
Sexual Preference
|
464 |
|
Affirmative Action: A Mandate for Change
|
465 |
|
Justification and Use of Affirmative Action
|
465 |
|
The Plan
|
466 |
|
Criticisms & Defense of Affirmative Action
|
466 |
|
Challenges to Affirmative Action
|
467 |
|
Where Are We Now?
|
473 |
|
Conclusion
|
473 |
|
Back to Government Books |
| Declaration of Independence |
479 |
| Constitution of the U.S. |
482 |
| Glossary |
502 |
| Index |
515 |
|
